In professional chess, competitive categories are often divided into open tournaments (which are formally open to all genders) and female-specific categories, including Women’s Grandmaster (WGM) titles and women-only championships. However, the Elo rating thresholds for female titles are lower than those for corresponding open titles (e.g. WGM requires a 2300 rating, while the standard Grandmaster title requires 2500).

Sports that use a lottery draft (e.g. NBA, National Hockey League) promote an element of chance into their player selection process; teams with poorer records may have a higher probability of early picks, but the draft order is ultimately determined by random draw. Sports that use a standard draft (e.g. NRL and NFL) allow teams to select players in strict reverse order of their performance (i.e. the weakest team picks first).

In some higher education institutions, student unions operate under a single-structure model, where one student organisation is responsible for political advocacy (e.g. student representative councils, student rights), but the insitution's adminstration is responsible for service provision (e.g. clubs, events, campus facilities). Other institutions use a dual-structure model, where one student run body handles advocacy, while another separate student body manages service provision.

Governments provide block funding to universities in set amounts proportional to student enrolment and research activity. Universities currently have autonomy over how they spend their block funding. They may also provide funding to universities for specific projects via grants and compacts.

Microinsurance refers to low-cost insurance products tailored for low-income individuals, especially in developing countries. These products typically cover narrowly defined risks such as crop loss, illness, disability, or funeral expenses. Premiums are low, and payouts are capped.

The Reform UK Party is a right-wing British political party led by Nigel Farage. The party positions itself as an alternative to the Conservative Party, particularly on issues such as immigration and economic freedom.

An electoral pact would involve Reform UK withdrawing candidates in certain constituencies in exchange for similar concessions by the Conservatives, with the goal of preventing vote-splitting.

The Eurovision Song Contest is an international music competition organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), a coalition of public service broadcasters from across Europe and neighbouring regions. Participation in Eurovision is open to active EBU members, and the EBU has full discretion over which broadcasters are eligible to compete.

In 2022, following public and institutional pressure, the EBU banned Russia from participating due to its invasion of Ukraine and later suspended Russian broadcasters from its membership. In recent years, several national broadcasters, including those from Ireland, Iceland, and Spain, have publicly questioned Israel’s continued participation in light of its military operations in Gaza, urging the EBU to take similar action.

A progressive user-pays system provides government loans to individuals to access services. Repayments are made later through the tax system and are income-contingent; higher earners repay at higher rates, while low earners may pay at lower rates or pay nothing (e.g. Australia's HECS-HELP scheme)